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		<title>L’essor des œuvres digitales bouscule le marché de l’art</title>
		<link>https://worldopinions.net/lessor-des-oeuvres-digitales-bouscule-le-marche-de-lart/3482/</link>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>La récente vente de l’œuvre numérique de l’artiste américain Beeple à 70 millions de dollars redessine les contours du monde de l’art. Zoom sur un marché en plein essor et ses technologies, entre cryptomonnaies et intelligence artificielle.</p>
<p>L’article <a href="https://worldopinions.net/lessor-des-oeuvres-digitales-bouscule-le-marche-de-lart/3482/">L’essor des œuvres digitales bouscule le marché de l’art</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://worldopinions.net">World Opinion | Alternative Média</a>.</p>
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<h3 class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading"><strong>La récente vente de l’œuvre numérique de l’artiste américain Beeple à 70 millions de dollars redessine les contours du monde de l’art. Zoom sur un marché en plein essor et ses technologies, entre cryptomonnaies et intelligence artificielle.</strong></h3>



<blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-captioned data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/CLXQ3WKgwuw/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="13" style=" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding:16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CLXQ3WKgwuw/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" style=" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <div style=" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;"><svg width="50px" height="50px" viewBox="0 0 60 60" version="1.1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)" fill="#000000"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style=" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;"> Voir cette publication sur Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"><div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style=" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CLXQ3WKgwuw/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Une publication partagée par beeple (@beeple_crap)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Les oeuvres digitales sont en plein essor dans le monde de l’art, au point même de parler d&rsquo;une certaine révolution. L&rsquo;exemple le plus marquant de ces derniers mois est la vente le 11 mars de la pièce d&rsquo;art&nbsp;<a href="https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/beeple-first-5000-days/lots/2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">« Everyday&nbsp;: The First 5000 days »</a>, réalisée par l’artiste américain Beeple, de son vrai nom Mike Winkleman.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Entièrement digitale, l&rsquo;oeuvre a été adjugée pour le montant record de 70 millions de dollars dans une vente aux enchères Christie&rsquo;s. La création représente un patchwork de 5000 oeuvres numériques créées quotidiennement par l&rsquo;artiste, témoignant de son apprentissage du graphisme et du dessin.</p>



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border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;"><svg width="50px" height="50px" viewBox="0 0 60 60" version="1.1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)" fill="#000000"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style=" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;"> Voir cette publication sur Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"><div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style=" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CLXQ3WKgwuw/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Une publication partagée par beeple (@beeple_crap)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Cette vente classe Beeple parmi les trois artistes les plus chers du monde de leur vivant, tous supports confondus (derrière David Hockney et Jeff Koons). C’est aussi la première pièce d&rsquo;art entièrement digitale à être vendue par une maison d’enchères majeures.</p>



<h3 class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading"><strong>Technologie NFT</strong></h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Inconnue il y a quelques mois, la pièce d&rsquo;art a été propulsée grâce à une nouvelle technologie d&rsquo;identification et d&rsquo;économie numérique. Elle permet de commercialiser des oeuvres, et à peu près tout ce qui est imaginable sur internet &#8211; des albums musicaux aux tweets de personnalités &#8211; sous la forme de « NFT « , acronyme de « non-fungible token » (jeton non-fongible).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Les NFT sont une sorte d&rsquo;équivalent digital des titres de propriété, un jeton cryptographique basé sur la technologie de la blockchain. Ces actifs numériques, similaires au bitcoin, possèdent des identifiants uniques, qui permettent l’identification, l&rsquo;authenticité et la traçabilité d&rsquo;objets virtuels. Les enchères d&rsquo;oeuvres d&rsquo;art numériques se font donc exclusivement par cryptomonnaies, plus spécifiquement au moyen d&rsquo;Ethereum.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Les NFT permettent donc de prouver que l&rsquo;on est bien propriétaire d&rsquo;une oeuvre numérique et de suivre son historique de vente. En pratique, la technologie crée un effet de rareté pour des oeuvres qui, par définition, peuvent être recopiées indéfiniment en quelques clics sur un ordinateur.</p>



<h3 class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading"><strong>Phénomène nouveau</strong></h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Les records de vente s&rsquo;enchaînent depuis six mois. « Cela fait plusieurs années que des artistes proposent des NFT de cette façon-là, mais nous vivons actuellement une véritable explosion. De plus en plus de plateformes proposent la vente de NFT. Cela permet aux artistes d&rsquo;avoir un lien direct avec les potentiels acheteurs, et de faire de leurs oeuvres d&rsquo;art quelque chose d&rsquo;unique », explique Cyril Dieumegard, formateur dans le domaine des nouvelles technologies.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Selon Frédéric Colliard, commissaire-priseur à Genève, la nouveauté réside dans le fait que les oeuvres sont acquises en un simple clic, parfois sans même avoir été vues. « Les acheteurs sont souvent de jeunes investisseurs qui viennent des milieux de l&rsquo;informatique ou des nouvelles fortunes et qui désirent entrer dans ce monde innovant et spéculatif ».</p>



<h3 class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color wp-block-heading"><strong>Intelligence artificielle</strong></h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Les experts semblent s&rsquo;accorder sur le fait que ces oeuvres numériques semblent ouvrir un nouveau chapitre de l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;art, tant sur les moyens d&rsquo;acquisition &#8211; tels que la blockchain &#8211; que sur les technologies utilisées, comme l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Exemple frappant&nbsp;: la création d&rsquo;un « nouveau » tableau de Rembrandt, conçu par des algorithmes et imprimé en 3D. L&rsquo;oeuvre a été créée par un programme informatique d&rsquo;intelligence artificielle, impliquant historiens et analystes, en collaboration avec plusieurs développeurs de Microsoft. &nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Le processus du projet est expliqué sur&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nextrembrandt.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">leur site internet</a>. Il a fallu d&rsquo;abord constituer une base de données sur l’&rsquo;oeuvre de Rembrandt, formée de 160&rsquo;000 fragments et 346 tableaux, grâce un scanner 3D.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Ces paramètres ont été disséqués à l’aide d&rsquo;un algorithme qui a synthétisé les principales caractéristiques de ces peintures. L’analyse minutieuse des données a permis aux développeurs de Microsoft d&rsquo;affiner un portrait-robot, qui identifie les traits spécifiques d&rsquo;un Rembrandt. L&rsquo;ordinateur a donc pu proposer une oeuvre originale mais typique, imitant au plus près le style du maître hollandais.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe title="The Next Rembrandt" width="618" height="348" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuygOYZ1Ngo?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">Plusieurs tableaux réalisés par intelligence artificielle ont été vendus aux enchères ces dernières années, comme les œuvres <a href="https://obvious-art.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">du collectif français Obvious</a>. Leur toile « Le portrait d&rsquo;Edmond Belamy » a été vendue par Christie’s en 2018 pour la somme de 390&rsquo;000 euros.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph" style="font-size:17px">L&rsquo;art numérique et les NFT sont des phénomènes nouveaux qui risquent d’évoluer au cours des prochains mois. Il faudra donc faire preuve de patience pour savoir si ces oeuvres révolutionneront véritablement le marché traditionnel de l’art.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-center has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph">World Opinions Tech <a href="https://www.rts.ch/info/sciences-tech/12056502-lessor-des-uvres-digitales-bouscule-le-marche-de-lart.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">&#8211; RTS Tech</a></p>
<p>L’article <a href="https://worldopinions.net/lessor-des-oeuvres-digitales-bouscule-le-marche-de-lart/3482/">L’essor des œuvres digitales bouscule le marché de l’art</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://worldopinions.net">World Opinion | Alternative Média</a>.</p>
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